Genome typing, histopathology, and evolution of BPV30, a novel Xipapillomavirus type isolated from Bovine papilloma in Costa Rica.

Xipapillomavirus includes a group of viruses almost exclusively reported in both beef cattle and dairy breeding, in which they induce papillomatosis and occasionally malignant tumors. Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) infection impacts greatly on animal productions, and this is amplified by their cosmopolitan distribution. Cutaneous proliferative lesions in bovines can relate to leather depreciation and impaired milk production by giving rise to obstruction of the teat and hygiene limitations, often leading to hemorrhagic mastitis. This study reports the identification of a novel Xipapillomavirus type associated with udder papilloma in a Jersey cow in Costa Rica. Viral genome was fully sequenced and molecularly characterized. Histopathology and viral phylogeny and evolution are also presented and discussed by comparison with already described BPVs. Based on results, a novel Xipapillomavirus type, namely BPV30, is proposed. BPV30 is a typical Xipapillomavirus 2 most similar to BPV12, from which it separated roughly 18 million years ago. The absence of E6 and the presence of E10 in BPV30 confirm an E6 loss occurring along the clade leading to BPV12. The identification of this novel BPV is fundamental to the development of specific prophylactic tools, which represent the most effective weapon to fight viral circulation, to prevent infections, and eventually controlling associated proliferative lesions.

Complete genome and phylogenetic analysis of bovine papillomavirus type 15 in Southern Xinjiang dairy cow.

BACKGROUND: Bovine papilloma is a neoplastic disease caused by bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs), which were recently divided into 5 genera and at least 24 genotypes. OBJECTIVES: The complete genome sequence of BPV type 15 (BPV Aks-02), a novel putative BPV type from skin samples from infected cows in Southern Xinjiang China, was determined by collecting warty lesions, followed by DNA extraction and amplicon sequencing. METHODS: DNA was analyzed initially by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the degenerate primers FAP59 and FAP64. The complete genome sequences of the BPV Aks-02 were amplified by PCR using the amplification primers and sequencing primers. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis were performed using bio-informatic software. RESULTS: The nucleotide sequence of the L1 open reading frame (ORF) of BPV Aks-02 was 75% identity to the L1 ORF of BPV-9 reference strain from GenBank. The complete genome consisted of 7,189 base pairs (G + C content of 42.50%) that encoded 5 early (E8, E7, E1, E2, and E4) and 2 late (L1 and L2) genes. The E7 protein contained a consensus CX2CX29CX2C zinc-binding domain and a LxCxE motif. Among the different members of this group, the percentages of the complete genome and ORFs (including 5 early and 2 late ORFs) sequence identity of BPV Aks-02 were closer to the genus Xipapillomavirus 1 of the Xipapillomavirus genus. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence similarities based on the L1 ORF of BPV Aks-02 revealed the same cluster. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that BPV type (BPV Aks-02) clustered with members of the Xipapillomavirus genus as BPV 15 and were closely related to Xipapillomavirus 1.

Characterization of Bovine papillomavirus 28 (BPV28) and a novel genotype BPV29 associated with vulval papillomas in cattle.

Papillomavirus (PV) infections are associated with the development of cutaneous and mucosal tumors in humans and various animal species. In humans, infection of high-risk human PVs (HPVs) causes anogenital cancers, while in animals, anogenital-associated PVs are not well understood. Among animal PVs, Bos taurus PVs (BPVs) have the most diverse genotypes, up to 28 of them. The present study will report two unique BPVs identified in vulval papilloma lesions from two Holstein Friesian cattle by conventional PCR and sequencing. In the first case, BPV28 harboring two L1 open reading frames (ORFs) due to a five-nucleotide deletion was identified. In the second case, histologically diagnosed as papilloma, an unclassified BPV genotype was detected. However, in both cases, the immunohistochemistry against PV antigen was negative. The full genome of the unclassified BPV was amplified by inverse PCR and analyzed by genome-walking sequencing. The L1 nucleotide sequence was most identical to BPV genotype 6 (BPV6), showing 78 % identity, indicating that this novel BPV should be classified as species Xipapillomavirus 1, genotype BPV29. The mRNA expression of three early genes (E1, E2, E10), but not L1, was confirmed in both BPV28- and BPV29-detected papilloma lesions. The present study suggests the involvement of novel types of BPV in vulval papilloma. The alteration of BPV28 pathogenicity due to the frameshift mutation of L1 needs to be elucidated in the future.

Genomic characterization of a novel bovine papillomavirus type 28.

Infection of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) has been associated with mucosal and/or cutaneous tumor development in bovids. To date, up to 27 genotypes of BPVs have been identified and classified based on the nucleotide sequence identity of L1 open reading frame. In the present study, the complete sequence of a novel BPV concurrently identified with BPV1 and BPV2 in the facial cutaneous papilloma lesion of a domestic cattle was characterized. The whole genome of the unclassified BPV was 7263 base pairs in full length with GC ratio of 42.9%. In comparison with published BPV sequences, L1 nucleotide sequence of the novel BPV shared 75% identity with BPV15, and was suggested to be classified in the genus, Xipapillomavirus. According to the criteria established by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses, the novel BPV was designated as BPV type 28.

Genetic characterization of a putative new type of bovine papillomavirus in the Xipapillomavirus 1 species in a Brazilian dairy herd.

Currently, bovine papillomavirus types are divided into five genera, namely, Deltapapillomavirus, Epsilonpapillomavirus, Xipapillomavirus, Dyoxipapillomavirus, and Dyokappapapillomavirus. In the recent decades, the characterization of numerous putative and novel bovine papillomavirus types from cattle in several geographic regions, has revealed the occurrence of a high viral diversity. In this study, we describe the identification and characterization of a putative new bovine papillomavirus type within species Xipapillomavirus 1 of Xipapillomavirus genus. The detection of the viral types identified in the skin warts was obtained by polymerase chain reaction assays targeting the L1 gene, followed by direct sequencing of the generated amplicons. The partial L1 sequences revealed that bovine papillomavirus types 6, 10, and 11, the putative new bovine papillomavirus type designated BPV/CHI-SW2, and an unreported putative new bovine papillomavirus type (named BPV/BR-UEL08) were associated with cutaneous papillomatosis in the cows from the dairy herd investigated. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the L1 gene revealed that the BPV/BR-UEL08 isolate clustered with other bovine papillomaviruses classified in the Xipapillomavirus genus, being closely related to representatives of the species Xipapillomavirus 1. Investigations focusing on the molecular epidemiology of bovine papillomaviruses related to clinical outcomes in cattle are of fundamental importance to determine the actual genetic diversity and prevalent viral types to be included in vaccines for cattle.

Bovine papillomavirus 24: a novel member of the genus Xipapillomavirus detected in the Amazon region.

Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) have been described as etiologic agents of cutaneous and mucosal papillomas in cattle. In the present study, we describe a new BPV that was detected in a cutaneous papilloma from a cow. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that this virus belong to the genus Xipapillomavirus, and we refer to it here as BPV type 24 (BPV24). Coinfection with members of the genera Epsilonpapillomavirus and Deltapapillomavirus in a cutaneous papilloma from a different animal was also detected, and the full genomes of these viruses were sequenced. Both papillomas were from cattle within Acre State in the Amazon region of Brazil. The data presented here demonstrate the utility of using high-throughput methods to indentify coinfections and allow the characterization of new genomes.

Genetic diversity of bovine papillomavirus types, including two putative new types, in teat warts from dairy cattle herds.

Teat papillomatosis affects dairy cows worldwide. Milking can become difficult due to teat warts, and maintaining affected cows in the herds may diminish economic profit in the dairy industry. Currently, 13 bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types have been fully characterized, and numerous putative BPV types have been identified through partial L1 gene PCR. In order to identify the viral types present in warts on the udders of dairy cows, 40 teat lesions from 24 cows from 13 cattle farms in three States of Brazil were evaluated by PV L1 gene PCR. The warts that were evaluated contained sequences from BPVs 6-10, the putative BPV types BAPV9 and BAPV4, and two unreported putative papillomavirus (PV) types, named BPV/BR-UEL6 and BPV/BR-UEL7. In addition, mixed infections and coinfections were identified, since more than one lesion was observed on the udders of 13 cows. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BPV/BR-UEL6 is closely related to BPVs belonging to the genus Xipapillomavirus, while BPV/BR-UEL7 clustered with the previously reported strains Cervus timorensis and Pudu puda PVs, which represent a putative new PV type, and it was only distantly related to xi-, epsilon-, delta- and dyoxi-PVs. These results provide information that will assist in the understanding of the association of BPVs 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as well as putative BPV types BAPV4 and BAPV9, with mammary papillomatosis. This is the first characterization of putative novel PV types BPV/BR-UEL6 and BPV/BR-UEL7 in teat warts of dairy cows, highlighting the high genetic diversity of BPVs associated with teat papillomatosis.

Characterization of novel bovine papillomavirus type 12 (BPV-12) causing epithelial papilloma.

Bovine papillomavirus type 12 (BPV-12, putative type BAA1) was detected in epithelial papilloma located on the tongue of an infected cow. Then, the whole genome was sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis illustrated that it should be classified as a member of the genus Xipapillomavirus. The viral genome is 7197 base pairs in length and contains five early ORFs (E1, E2, E4, E7 and E8), three late ORFs (L1, L2 and L3), and a long control region that possesses replication regulatory elements. Meanwhile, mRNA of each gene was detected in the papilloma sample. The papilloma was identified as epithelial papilloma by histological and immunohistochemical examination. Based on the genome information and pathological properties, BAA1 was designated as BPV-12 in this study.

Detection of a novel bovine papillomavirus type 11 (BPV-11) using xipapillomavirus consensus polymerase chain reaction primers.

Polymerase chain reaction-based bovine papillomavirus (BPV) detection methods using a combination of two primer sets, subAup/subAdw and subBup/subBdw, have enabled the broad-spectrum detection of most characterized BPV types. These methods were used to detect the partial L1 nucleotide sequence of BPV types from 167 cutaneous warts in cattle. Three potentially new viruses were detected using subBup/subBdw primer sets. The partial nucleotide sequences of these viruses were most similar to BPV-4, -6 and -9. Whole genome sequencing of one sample defines a new BPV type in the genus Xipapillomavirus, designated BPV-11.

Molecular identification of bovine papillomaviruses associated with cutaneous warts in southern Brazil.

Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are widespread pathogens mainly associated with benign, self-limiting, cutaneous lesions (warts). At least 8 viral types, defined by serology or nucleotide sequences of the L1 gene, have been identified to date. Different serotypes are associated with the specific type and morphology of the lesion and with particular geographical regions. This article describes the molecular identification of papillomaviruses from Brazilian cattle (n = 48) and horses (n = 1) through partial amplification and sequencing of the L1 gene. Bovine papillomavirus-1 (BPV-1) was identified in warts from 29 cattle (59%), BPV-6 from 9 cattle (18%), and BPV-2 in 8 lesions (16%). Warts of 2 cattle harbored L1 sequences of a new BPV type (BAA5), otherwise identified almost exclusively in healthy skin. The newly proposed BPV type "BR-UEL-4" was identified in a sarcoid tumor of a horse. Thus, the present report provides information on the main types of BPV involved in bovine papillomatosis in Brazil and reveals a new viral type associated with equine sarcoid, which to date has been attributed exclusively to BPV-1 and BPV-2.